Ziziphi iiNdawo zoRhwebo lwaMahla kwaye zisebenza njani?

Ziziphi iiNdawo zoRhwebo lwaMahla kwaye zisebenza njani?

IiNdawo zoRhwebelwano eziSimahla (FTZs) zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kurhwebo lwehlabathi kuba zivumela amashishini ukuba asebenze ngezithintelo ezimbalwa. Le mimandla ivumela iinkampani ukuba zingenise, zigcine, ziqhube, okanye zithumele kwakhona iimpahla ngaphandle kwerhafu ekhawulezileyo okanye iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zesithethe. Ngenxa yoko, oorhulumente abaninzi baseka iMimandla yoRhwebo oluKhululwa (ii-FTZ) kunye neMimandla yoQoqosho eKhethekileyo (ii-SEZ) ukutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle, ukunyusa umgangatho wokuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle, nokudala imisebenzi.

Ngaphezu koko, ii-FTZ zikhona ukwenza urhwebo lukhawuleze kwaye lungabizi kakhulu. Banciphisa iindleko zokusebenza kunye nokulungelelanisa ukuhamba kwempahla. Ngelixa ezinye ii-FTZs zijolise ekuveliseni, ezinye zisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kugcino-mpahla okanye kulungiselelo. Ekugqibeleni, oorhulumente basebenzisa zombini ii-FTZ kunye nee-SEZ ukuxhasa ukukhula koqoqosho nokomeleza uthungelwano lwezorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

IBhanki yeHlabathi ichaza i-FTZ njengendawo engahlawulelwa rhafu ibonelela ngogcino, ugcino, kunye neenkonzo zokusasaza urhwebo, uthutho, kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle. Ukongeza, iiNdawo ezininzi zoRhwebo lwaSimahla (FTZs) zibekwe ngobuchule kufutshane nezikhululo zeenqwelomoya, izibuko, kunye nemida yokunqumla, evumela amashishini ukuba ahambise iimpahla ngokufanelekileyo kunye nemiqobo embalwa yolawulo.

Amagama awohlukeneyo eFTZs kwiHlabathi liphela

Nangona amazwe amaninzi elandela ingqikelelo enye, iMimandla yoRhwebo oluKhululwa (FTZs) kunye neMimandla eKhethekileyo yezoQoqosho (SEZs) inamagama ahlukeneyo kwihlabathi jikelele:

• IMimandla yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle (FTZs) – Esetyenziswa eMelika phantsi koMthetho weMimandla yoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle we-1934.

• IiNdawo zokuLungiselela ukuThunyelelwa kwamanye amazwe (EPZs) – Ixhaphakile e-China, eMexico, nase-Bangladesh yokwenziwa kwemveliso kumazwe angaphandle.

• IMimandla yezoQoqosho eKhethekileyo (ii-SEZ) – Ifunyenwe eIndiya, eRashiya, nakwi-UAE, ibonelela ngenkuthazo yotyalo-mali olubanzi.

• IMimandla yoQoqosho yaMahla (FEZs) – Isetyenziswa eMzantsi Korea naseMpuma Yurophu.

• Imimandla yasimahla yeShishini (IFZs) - Igxile kwimveliso yeshishini eLatin America.

• IiNdawo zokuThunyela ngaphandle koMthendeleko-Ziqhelekileyo kwiimarike zaseAfrika naseAsia.

• Amazibuko asimahla - Ngokwembali asetyenziswa eYurophu.

• IiNdawo zokuKhuthaza uTyalo-mali – zifunyenwe eMalaysia naseThailand.

• IMaquiladoras-Ifumaneka eMexico kwimveliso engahlawulelwayo.

• I-Bonded Logistics Parks (i-BLPs) - Esetyenziswa e-China naseSingapore kwimisebenzi ye-logistics ephezulu.

Ngaphandle kwamagama ahlukeneyo, zonke ezi zakhiwo zisebenza injongo efanayo ebalulekileyo: ukwenza urhwebo lwehlabathi lube lula, lukhawuleze, kwaye lusebenze ngakumbi.

Iindidi zeMimandla yoRhwebo lwaMahla kunye nendlela eyahluke ngayo

Ayizizo zonke iiFTZs ezibonelela ngeenzuzo ezifanayo. Ezinye zijolise kurhwebo jikelele, ngelixa ezinye zenzelwe amashishini athile. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kunceda amashishini akhethe phakathi kweMimandla yoRhwebo oluKhululwa (ii-FTZ) kunye neMimandla yoQoqosho eKhethekileyo (SEZs) ngokufanelekileyo.

IiNdawo zoRhwebo olungaMahla (FTZs)

Ii-FTZ zixhasa uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi efana nokugcinwa, ukusetyenzwa, kunye nokuveliswa. Ngenxa yokuba zinciphisa imisebenzi yokungenisa elizweni kwaye zilungelelanise iinkqubo zesithethe, ii-FTZ zivumela iinkampani ukuba ziphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwekhonkco lokubonelela kunye neendleko zokusebenza eziphantsi.

IiNdawo zokuLungiselela ngaphandle (EPZs)

Ii-EPZs zijolise ngokukodwa kwimveliso yokuvelisa ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle. Le mimandla ibonelela ngenkuthazo yerhafu kunye nemithetho yorhwebo eyenziwe lula, enceda amazwe afana neTshayina, iBangladesh, neMexico ukuba andise amandla emveliso kunye namathuba emisebenzi.

IMimandla yoQoqosho yaSimahla / iMimandla yoQoqosho eKhethekileyo (SEZs)

Ii-SEZ zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezibanzi kuneeFTZs eziqhelekileyo. Ukongeza kwiinzuzo zorhwebo, ii-SEZ zibandakanya inkuthazo yerhafu, izibonelelo zotyalo-mali, kunye nemigaqo ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi. Umzekelo, i-Incheon Free Economic Zone yaseMzantsi Korea ixhasa itekhnoloji, ezemali, kunye nolungiselelo lwehlabathi phantsi kwenkqubo emanyeneyo yolawulo.

IiNzuzo eziCwangcisiweyo zeeFTZs

Amashishini akhetha iMimandla yoRhwebo oluSimahla (FTZs) kunye neMimandla yoQoqosho eKhethekileyo (SEZs) kuba ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezinokulinganiswa zemali kunye nokusebenza.

1. Ukurhoxiswa koMsebenzi

Iinkampani aziyihlawuli imirhumo okanye irhafu yerhafu ngelixa iimpahla zihlala ngaphakathi kweFTZ. Oku kunceda amashishini aphucule ukuhamba kwemali kunye neendleko zokulibaziseka.

2. UkungaXolelwa emsebenzini

Ukuba iimpahla zitshatyalalisiwe okanye zonakaliswe ngaphakathi kweFTZ, iinkampani akufuneki zihlawule imisebenzi. Oku kuluncedo kakhulu kumashishini asebenza ngempahla eethe-ethe okanye amaxabiso aphezulu alahlwayo.

3. UkuNcitshiswa koMsebenzi

Ii-FTZs zinokubonelela ngohlelo lwemisebenzi ephantsi xa iimpahla zilungiswa okanye zidityanisiwe. Ukongeza, abasebenzi, i-overhead, kunye nenzuzo eyenziwe ngaphakathi kwendawo ayirhafiswa.

4. UkuNcitshiswa kwe-MPF (iMrhumo woLungiso lweMpahla)

Iinkampani zinokufaka ingeniso enye ngeveki, ehlisa iindleko zolawulo kunye nokunciphisa imirhumo yokuthengisa.

5. Ukunqandwa kwe-Quota

Ii-FTZs zivumela iinkampani ukuba zigcine iimpahla zomthamo ogqithisiweyo kwaye zithengwe ngaphandle nje ukuba kuqaliswe ixesha elitsha lesabelo.

6. Ubuchule boLungiselelo

Ngokudibanisa ukuthunyelwa kunye nokunciphisa ukuphathwa kwempahla, ii-FTZ zivumela amashishini ukuba alungelelanise uluhlu lwempahla, ukunciphisa iindleko zothutho, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwekhonkco lokubonelela.

7. UTyalo-mali oluNgqo lwaNgaphandle (i-FDI) Umtsalane

Oorhulumente baxhomekeke kwii-FTZs kunye nee-SEZ ukutsala abavelisi bezizwe ngezizwe nababoneleli bezothutho ngokusebenzisa inkuthazo yerhafu kunye nemithetho eyenziwe lula.

Imingcipheko kunye neengxoxo ezingqonge iiFTZs

Nangona iMimandla yoRhwebo oluSimahla (FTZs) kunye neMimandla yoQoqosho eKhethekileyo (SEZs) ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezinamandla, ikwatsala ukugxekwa.

• Urhwebo olungekho mthethweni kunye nokuthutyeleziswa

• Iingozi zokurhwaphiliza imali

• Ukunyhashwa kokusingqongileyo

• Imisebenzi yobuqhophololo

• Ukunyhashwa kwabasebenzi kunye neemeko ezimbi zokusebenza

Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-509 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwizinto zomgunyathi idlula kwii-FTZs ngonyaka ngamnye, ichaphazela imizi-mveliso efana neyeza mayeza kunye ne-elektroniki.

Umzekelo weFTZ eyimpumelelo: iShanghai Free Trade Zone

I-China yasungula i-Shanghai FTZ ngo-2013 ukuvavanya uhlaziyo olutsha lwezorhwebo. Lo mmandla wenze lula ukubhaliswa kweshishini, wasusa ubuncinci beemfuno zenkunzi, kwaye wavumela ukutshintshiselana ngemali lula. Ngaphezu koko, yakhawulezisa ukukhutshwa kwezithethe kunye nokunciphisa imiqobo yorhwebo. Ngenxa yoko, iShanghai FTZ yatsala iinkampani kwitekhnoloji, ezemali, kunye nolungiselelo lwehlabathi.

Ayiphumelelanga okanye i-FTZ ephikisanayo: Ciudad del Este

Ngokuchaseneyo, iiFTZs eCiudad del Este (Paraguay) zaziwa ngemisebenzi engekho mthethweni equka ukuthutyeleziswa kunye norhwebo lomgunyathi. Kwincopho yalo, urhwebo olungekho mthethweni phakathi kweCiudad del Este neBrazil lwafikelela kwi-18 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka, ludlula isiqingatha seGDP yaseParaguay.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo malunga neeFTZs

Q1. Zahluke njani ii-FTZs koovimba ababotshelelweyo?

Ii-FTZs zivumela ukwenziwa kunye nokusetyenzwa, ngelixa iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezibotshiweyo zivumela ubukhulu becala ukugcinwa.

Q2. Amashishini ahlawula nini iirhafu kwiimpahla zeFTZ?

Kuphela xa iimpahla zingena kwimarike yelizwe. Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle akukho misebenzi.

Q3. Zikhule njani iiFTZ kwihlabathi jikelele?

Ukusuka kwi-79 FTZs ngo-1975 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-3,500 yemimandla kumazwe ali-130 namhlanje.

Q4. Iimfazwe zorhwebo zizichaphazela njani iiFTZs?

Ezinye iinkampani zithembele ngakumbi kwii-FTZs ukunqanda imirhumo, ngelixa ezinye ziyasokola xa iirhafu zokuthumela ngaphandle zinyuka.

Ukuba unombuzo zive ukhululekile ukuqhagamshelana nathi!

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